Nursing Aspects of Eye Failure

Christine Benhase , ... Juli Sublett , in Heart Failure in the Child and Immature Adult, 2018

Nursing Diagnoses

Many nursing diagnoses can be identified for pediatric and adult patients in HF. It is imperative that nurses identify pertinent diagnoses so that advisable interventions can be applied. Activity intolerance, excess fluid volume, and decreased cardiac output are perhaps the near commonly recognized North American Nursing Diagnosis Association and American Clan of Heart Failure Nurses (AAHFN) diagnoses in this illness process [x]. Pediatric HF nurses should also identify educational and psychosocial diagnoses applicative to this patient population such as knowledge arrears, readiness for enhanced learning, ineffective self-health management, caregiver office strain, feet, grieving, interrupted family processes, dumb attachment, and noncompliance. Please refer to Table 37.4 for a list of nursing diagnoses related to prominent HF symptoms [half-dozen]. Nurses play a key role in helping families adjust to new diagnoses and their implications on the family's lifestyle. Children and adolescents should always be encouraged to share their feelings and enquire their own questions during these discussions. By partnering with the family unit, nurses can provide needed educational and psychosocial support. Potential nursing interventions based on nursing diagnoses are described in Table 37.v [6].

Table 37.four. Heart Failure Symptoms and Related Nursing Diagnoses [six]

Symptom Nursing Diagnoses
Tachycardia Arrhythmia; anxiety; dumb psychomotor activity; vasogenic stupor; cardiogenic daze; decreased cardiac output; increased cardiac output; knowledge arrears regarding arrhythmia; breast discomfort; cardiac rate changes; aberrant center rhythm; nausea; dizziness.
Dyspnea Conflicting attitude in relation to physical activeness; adherence to the concrete activity government; respiratory acidosis; impaired self-performance activity; cognition about physical action; functional dyspnea; dyspnea at rest; dumb deglutition; knowledge deficit regarding physical activity; lack of capacity to manage the physical activity regime; fatigue; contradistinct respiratory rate; intolerance to activity; altered respiratory pattern; dumb physical activity pattern; altered respiratory rhythm; dumb respiratory organisation; impaired sleep; impaired gas exchange, dumb ventilation.
Edema Metabolic acidosis due to electrolyte alteration; ascites; metabolic acidosis due to fluid amending; metabolic acidosis due to fluid and electrolyte alteration; adherence to fluid volume; imbalance of fluids and electrolytes; exhaustion from the treatment; knowledge deficit regarding fluid volume; impaired skin integrity; impaired movement in bed; dry out skin; altered cardiac tissue perfusion; decreased claret pressure; increased blood pressure; impaired urinary organisation procedure, impaired peripheral vascular process; water memory, fluid volume deficit; unsatisfactory response to fluid therapy.
Congestion Impaired power to dress self; impaired power to perform hygiene; impaired power to groom self; impaired ability to bathe cocky; dumb ability to transfer self; impaired airway clearance; knowledge deficit regarding the response to medication; lack of response to the treatment; hypoxia due to congestion, lack of adherence to the therapeutic regimen; unsatisfactory response to medication; productive coughing; dry cough; excessive fluid book.

Table 37.5. Nursing Diagnoses and Related Interventions [vi]

Nursing Diagnoses Associated Nursing Interventions
Arrhythmia Analyze cardiovascular function and imminent risk of arrhythmia after patient exertion and reduce exertion.
Institute basic life support maneuvers.
Discover frequency and regularity of the pulse if contradistinct.
Verify signs of lethal arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia) such as decreased level of consciousness.
Cardiogenic shock Annotation variations in blood pressure (orthostatic hypotension).
Be familiar with the presence of the third centre sound.
Observe signs of oliguria.
Prepare circulatory containment measures (training of cardiotonic drugs).
Report episodes of rapid and thin pulse and altered peripheral perfusion, and initiate fluid resuscitation and basic back up maneuvers.
Increased cardiac output Command fluid volume gains.
Monitor changes in cardiac rate later concrete exertion.
Appropriately position the patient in the bed.
Reduce physical exertion.
Functional dyspnea Exist familiar with the clinical atmospheric condition of the degree of congestive heart failure and its aggravations.
Make up one's mind the hemodynamic status and compare with previous respiratory rate values.
Examine pulmonary conditions.
Notice the pulse oximetry values if <90%.
Fatigue Monitor serum electrolyte levels (Ht, Hb, Na).
Assist in social contact.
Develop an individualized direction programme for physical and social rehabilitation.
Plan rest/activity periods.
Impaired gas commutation Assist in arterial puncture for diagnostic examinations.
Evaluate respiratory ventilation/perfusion.
Maintain pinnacle of the bed at 90   degrees.
Maintain airway permeability.
Monitor level of consciousness, arterial pressure, pulse, temperature, and breathing pattern.

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Gerontological and geriatric nursing

Brenda L. Hage , in A Comprehensive Guide to Geriatric Rehabilitation (Tertiary Edition), 2014

Pace 3: Planning

The nursing care program incorporates specific nursing interventions and activities to care for specific nursing diagnoses or bargain with problem areas such equally changes in food intake, dumb capacity for personal care, take chances for accidental injuries due to full general weakness and mild dementia, grief unrelated to the health problem and other needs of the geriatric patient and the caregiver. Included in the plan are nursing actions to ensure the continuity of all prescribed medical treatments and other intervention modalities for the geriatric patient. Clinical judgment is an of import nursing skill in this process because information technology enables an accurate identification of the nursing diagnosis.

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Digital transformation needs to measure nursing and midwifery care demands and workloads

Evelyn J.S. Hovenga RN PhD, FAIDH FACS FACN FIAHSI , Cherrie Lowe RN RM Dip Teaching (Nursing), PG Dip, Hospital Admin, AFACHM MACN , in Measuring Capacity to Care Using Nursing Data, 2020

Nursing data and standards

Similarly, there is a demand to place minimum data sets that represent most, if not all other confounding variables to exist used as indicators for the various related concepts that cannot be measured directly. Many of the confounding variables listed in Tabular array half dozen are in fact rules representing limitations and constraints. Others do have associated information standards that demand to be identified and fabricated use of. A number of national minimum data sets and terminology/nomenclature systems exist and may be adopted as data standards. Examples of classification systems in use in Australia are listed at its metadata online registry (Shooting star) [63] as well as the Globe Wellness Organisation's Family unit of International Classifications [64] including the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI). The latter includes a related nomenclature, the International Classification of Nursing Do (ICNP).

The need for a standard nursing terminology designed to heighten nursing visibility was first identified by Clark and Lang in 1992 [65]. This resulted in the development of the ICNP [66]. The recognition that Nursing terminology needs to be coded to describe the "essence of care" was used to develop the Clinical Care Classification system as explained by Saba and Taylor in 2007 [67]. These and other nursing terminologies have been cross-mapped with the widely recognized Systematized Nomenclature of Medical Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT) widely used in EHRs [68] as well as the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) [69]. It needs to be understood that terminologies consist of a multitude of diminutive level data used in accordance with the relevant structure or nomenclature rules to arrive at the ICF or ICD code for example. Ideally data systems collect atomic level information in the first instance where possible. The most effective mode to be able to account for and make use of these many confounding variables is to adopt an object modeling approach to represent concepts in computable formats. This is explained in more detail in Chapter ix.

The Clinical Care Classification Arrangement's (CCC) [70] has a framework suitable for coding concepts included in this organisation, refer Fig. 1. There are four levels making information technology possible to lawmaking concepts for each level separately so that the coded data tin can be aggregated upward for summary information or parsed downward to view the atomic level data elements. The iv healthcare patterns are (1) physiological, (2) psychological, (iii) functional, and (four) health behavioral. There are three outcome qualifiers and 4 action type qualifiers. The framework links the diagnosis to interventions to outcomes and to each other. This structure was designed to suit the digital age. All terminological concepts use a five alpha-numeric character code for data exchange and interoperability. Coding can be used to track patient care for the entire episode of illness and measure care over fourth dimension in all healthcare settings.

Fig. 1

Fig. 1. Clinical Care Nomenclature (CCC) System™.

The signs and symptoms indicating the demand for admission and nursing care, interventions, and actions are all coded and are mapped to SNOMED CT, Logical Observations Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC), and the ICNP reference terminology.

A foundational requirement enabling nursing data to be integrated into clinical data repositories for big information and science, is the implementation of standardized nursing terminologies, common information models, and standardized information structures within Electronic Health Records (EHRs) [71]. An information model is a "structured specification, expressed graphically and/or narratively, of the data requirements of a domain. An information model describes the classes of data required and the properties of those classes, including attributes, relationships, and states" [72] (world wide web.skmt.org). Structuring the language used inside the health industry in a way that readily facilitates computer processing in not an easy task. Health concepts can be represented in many different ways equally shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Fig. 2. Health concept representation methods [73, 74] p. 8.

An effort to facilitate the representation of nursing diagnosis and nursing activeness concepts and their relationships in a manner suitable for estimator processing, led to the development of an ISO standard (ISO18104:2003) [75]. After evidence became available indicating that the Reference Terminology Model (RTM) developed can exist used equally a framework for analyzing nursing practice and for developing nursing content in electronic health tape systems [76]. This ISO RTM is able to represent oriental nursing deportment likewise. It was ended that there is a need for an integrated RTM for nursing [77]. These categorical structures were also establish to be applicable to systems using natural language processing of nursing narratives [78]. This ISO reference terminology model for nursing was found to exist applicative to represent the Detailed Clinical Model (DCM) structure developed for perinatal intendance nursing cess. However, it was found that more qualifiers of the Judgment semantic domain are required in order to conspicuously and fully represent all of the entities and attributes of the DCMs used for nursing cess [79].

This ISO standard was reviewed and updated in 2014 based on this new evidence regarding its use [80]. The categorical structures define the construction of terminological expressions for nursing diagnoses and nursing actions including the professional meaning of these constructs and their relationship to other record components. This standard'due south overall aim is to back up interoperability in the commutation of meaningful information betwixt information systems in respect of nursing diagnosis and nursing deportment. These two categorial structures have features in common with

1.

the more full general framework for clinical findings as described in ISO/TS 22789

2.

the domain-specific categorial construction for surgical procedures as described in ISO 1828:2012

3.

the World Health Organisation's International Nomenclature of Healthcare Interventions (ICHI)

This ISO 18104:2014 standard may therefore inform development of other full general and domain-specific categorial structures in healthcare. Information technology is recommended that terminology and information system developers consider this model in their ongoing system development, evaluation, maintenance, and revisions [81]. At that place is a demand to represent nursing data in a common format to enable comparisons beyond multiple institutions and facilitate Big Data scientific discipline. This requires understanding regarding essential concepts and the utilize of standardized terminology.

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Nursing Care of the Bariatric Surgery Patient

Katherine Mary Fox R.North., M.P.H. , in Surgical Direction of Obesity, 2007

Overview

Individualized care plans are still being used in many facilities, although the trend is toward using clinical pathways. Care plans are based on the nursing process, critical-thinking skills, and the new Northward American Nursing Diagnosis Association taxonomy xi (adopted in 2000) for nursing diagnoses. Standardized care plans relieve precious nursing fourth dimension but still need to exist individualized. "According to the guidelines from JCAHO, the customer or family must be involved in the development of the intendance plan and information technology must exist interdisciplinary. I reason the disquisitional or clinical pathway is condign more popular is the interdisciplinary approach involved in this organization." 22 Both intendance plans and clinical pathways involve a trouble-solving approach to care. Clinical pathways are most commonly adult for "high-adventure or high-volume" patients (e.thousand., bariatric surgery) and work in concert with continuing quality of care. Variances can exist documented on an individualized intendance plan until resolved. In today'southward managed-care environment, cost-effective services must be provided.

Rouse and colleagues described an optimal care path adult past their transdisciplinary team. Past ways of the optimal intendance path, both the length and the cost of stay decreased by about 17% while quality of care was unimpaired, as evidenced by a decreased percentage of wound infections and improved communication and collaboration amongst team members beyond the continuum of care. 23 Preserving quality while decreasing cost, length of stay, apply of intensive intendance, and readmission were also cited in other studies. 24, 25 Further, protocols and practice guidelines give specific sequential instructions for treating patients with detail problems and needs. 26 Protocols are especially helpful when at that place is extensive use of agency or bladder staff who are unfamiliar with the specialty.

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Ontologies, terminology mappings, and code sets

Peter Mccaffrey , in An Introduction to Healthcare Informatics, 2020

ten.5 Other specific ontologies: LOINC and NDC

Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) represents a standard nomenclature focused on wellness measurements and observations created by the Regenstreif Establish in the mid-1990s. ix Initially focused on laboratory results, LOINC has since expanded to encompass nursing diagnoses, and outcomes and is thus divided into a laboratory LOINC and a clinical LOINC, merely our focus will exist on the laboratory LOINC. LOINC codes consist of six parts: the analyte beingness measured, the method of measurement, when the measurement was performed, the sample measured, the way in which measurements are expressed, and the device type used to make the measurement. Fig. 10.v shows an example LOINC lawmaking for a glucose measurement where Glucose is being measured by Mass Concentration (MCNC) rapidly at a single point in time (PT) from a Urine sample, and is reported equally a quantity (QN), as measured using a Test strip and is reported.

Fig. 10.5

Fig. 10.5. Example LOINC for urine glucose and lawmaking construction.

LOINC was identified by the HL7 Group as the preferred ontology for laboratory tests and has since become the predominant representative format for laboratory testing.

National Drug Codes (NDC) are unique drug product identified used in the United States to and assigned to each drug intended for man use. 10 NDCs consist of unique 10- or 11-digit series numbers divided into 3 segments. The first segment describes the labeler, which could be the manufacturer or distributer. The second segment describes the product, including its name, strength, dose form, and formulation. The third segment describes the commercial package size, which includes the quantity and package type. NDCs are present on all nonprescription and prescription medication packages. An case NDC for a 100-count bottle of Norco twenty   mg tablets from Allergan is shown in Fig. x.6.

Fig. 10.6

Fig. ten.6. Instance NDC lawmaking 0023-6002-01 and lawmaking structure.

Where 0023 denoted Allergan, 6002 denotes Norco 5   mg hydrocodone/325   mg acetaminophen tablets, and 01 denotes a 100-count package. As we discussed previously, HCPCS includes codes, which describe medications administered. Thus, many NDC codes take respective HCPCS codes and can be cross walked from NDC to HCPCS.

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Healing Touch and Therapeutic Bear upon

DIANE Current of air WARDELL , in Principles and Practice of Manual Therapeutics, 2002

PRINCIPLES, PHILOSOPHY, AND DIAGNOSIS

HT promotes self-healing for the individual's highest skilful, meaning that "cure" is not the focus; the focus is the facilitation of self-healing and growth. This is achieved by restoring balance and harmony in the man free energy system, which can benefit clients with any number of physical ailments, from specific issues to systemic imbalances. 9 TT also accomplishes these goals. Information technology is administered with the "intent of enabling the person to repattern their free energy in the direction of health." TT works with the individual and facilitates healing.

The foundations of HT and TT are similar. The body is seen as an internal free energy system that interacts with the external globe, and the healing forcefulness is thought to come from another source such as the universe. 1 Human beings (and all living things) are connected through the unity of creation. Consequently, fifty-fifty a small corporeality of interference in the blueprint of energy affects the entire structure of the universe simultaneously. viii

The interconnectedness of the body and heed is one way to empathize the basis for these techniques. Many people are now aware of this interconnectedness, in part considering of the upshot that stress and other consequences of contemporary life accept on the body, peculiarly the immune system, resulting in increased incidence of eye affliction, cancer, depression, asthma, and arthritis. If a person is stressed and broken-hearted, the body becomes tight and conditions such equally sore muscles, tension headache, and hyperventilation may develop. A person who is aware of what is happening to his or her body during stressful periods is able to consciously work to change these symptoms. Conversely, if no activeness is taken, this stressed land tin can eventually pb to illness.

The body's molecular structure is actually a complex network of interwoven energy fields, and is nourished by subtle energy systems affected by our emotions, level of spiritual remainder, nutrition, and environment. 8 We are all a office of and contributors to this subtle energy field. 25 Although recent research has led some to state that the energy field does in fact exist and can be measured, 22 our understanding of how these techniques actually work is still theoretic.

It is known that every unit of matter can be cleaved down into smaller and smaller parts until what remains is a signature vibration. When 2 objects have similar natural frequencies, they tin can interact without touching and their vibrations tin can go entrained and can resonate. This is one of the theories that supports touch therapies, because the therapist and customer entrain and seek a college vibration that affects the healing process. 3

Modern estimation of the human energy field or the designation of the field is extrapolated from ancient systems. The top system institute in traditional Chinese medicine can be traced back thousands of years, every bit tin can the chakra organization found in the texts of ancient India. The chakra system is the energy system that is identified and manipulated inside HT and TT. Chakra, a Sanskrit give-and-take used by the Hindus, means wheel of light. 5 Seven chakras plant the major energy centers of the trunk, and minor chakras are institute over the joints and throughout the body (Figure 13-1). These centers are not static; their motion in a salubrious individual has been described equally "beautifully balanced, symmetrical and organic with all the parts flowing together in a rhythmic design. Their movement is, in fact, harmonic or musical in character, with rhythms which vary according to individual, ramble and temperamental differences." 12

Co-ordinate to Bruyere, five each of the vii major chakras has a concrete, emotional, creative (or mental), and spiritual (or celestial) component. The endocrine system is believed to be closely associated with the functions of the chakras. 2 In improver, each chakra has a purpose or trunk. The body for the outset chakra, which deals with survival and concrete sensation, is the physical body. The torso for the second chakra is the emotional body, related to the people with whom we share our feelings (east.m., spouse, children). The torso for the third chakra is the mental body, which has to practise with thoughts, opinions, and volition. The body for the 4th chakra is the heart eye or astral trunk, which bridges betwixt the material and spirit. The body for the 5th chakra, the etheric body, is the template for the perfect torso, "light torso," or college potential and is nearly speaking our truth. The body of the sixth chakra is often called the "tertiary center," and is about "sight" (involving intuition and insight). The body of the seventh or "crown" chakra is related to the spiritual realm and our spiritual life. Each of the seven chakras is also associated with a color.

The man aura is viewed every bit the totality of the human being; what we really see is only role of this concrete manifestation. Dora Kunz was noted for her ability to see and translate human energy fields. xvi She saw them as concentric spheres that are part of the universal field of the unabridged globe. Auras are similar a "moving movie … in an ongoing process of living." 16 They are usually ovoid, with many colors depicting the emotional energy. Auras can vary in size without a "truthful" norm. They can be nigh 12 to 18 inches and can expand or shrink considerably. The chakras, equally energy centers, are believed to function as both transmitters and transformers of energy from field to field, interim to synchronize the emotional, mental, and etheric energies. 12

The ability to run across or detect an aureola is not a requirement for the provider of HT or TT treatment. Nor is it necessary for clients receiving the healing to take cognition of or belief in the theory or explanatory rationale.

Three modern nursing theorists, Rogers, Watson, and Newman, take been influential in the development of HT and TT. Rogers' theory of the Science of the Unitary Human has formed the basis for much of the research that has been conducted on TT as a healing modality. 27 The theory posits the four meta-paradigms of man: health, environment, and nursing in interaction with a dynamic health-patterning model that actualizes potential. What are the iv things? They are the written report of "unitary, irreducible, indivisible human and environmental fields: people and their worlds." 28 Margaret Newman was a pupil of Rogers and has explored the mutuality of the interaction between nurse and client, the uniqueness and wholeness in the pattern of the interaction, and movement to a higher consciousness. 19 The founder of nursing, Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), described nursing every bit developing the ability to put patients in the all-time condition for nature to act upon them. 20 She recognized the healing properties of the environment, including fresh air, sunlight, and warmth, and saw people equally complex beings inseparable from their environment.

Jean Watson's postmodern framework of transpersonal care has proposed that modalities that involve impact flow from a spiritual path of human development and grade the foundation for transpersonal practice. 31 HT provides a way to clear this process. Watson's work in the transpersonal-healing-caring framework provides more explicit application of free energy therapies to the holistic health intendance needs of clients. 31 Some of the premises of this model include being vulnerable; cultivating the ability to footing, energize, and center the cocky and the other; using focused intentionality to potentiate wholeness, harmony, and healing; and being mindfully nowadays. The model also encourages connecting with the deeper self, cultivating an awe of the unknown, and carrying caring and credence for others.

Diagnosis

No medical diagnosis is made with HT or TT. HT and TT help a person to cocky-heal, promoting the client'south health and well being by maintaining residuum within the energy field.

If the person offering the healing session is a nurse, a nursing diagnosis may be used. The terminology of nursing diagnoses has been developed through The Due north American Nursing Diagnosis Clan. The nursing diagnosis for working with the body'southward energy system is: "Free energy field disturbance: a condition in which a disturbance of the human free energy field manifests a disharmony in the human being-ecology energy field common process." 17 If the practitioner/healer is not a nurse, he or she will use other terminology to describe this imbalance.

Many of the words that take been used to draw energy imbalance are associated with the senses. Words associated with sense of touch or feeling, for example, include congestion, spikes, oestrus, and common cold. A description based on sight may use words that describe colour, such as gray or chocolate-brown, or shade, such as dark or light. The visual sense might also include terms such every bit murky or thick. Descriptions based on the auditory senses might include words like buzzing or hum. The olfactory sense might assign a smoky or pungent odour. The intuitive sense can too be developed. Although the practitioner watches for these changes in the energy field of the patient, it is non necessary to be able to detect them to conduct a healing session. Although many beginning practitioners and even some advanced practitioners take not yet learned to trust their senses, the healing piece of work still can exist washed effectively. Still, it should e'er be remembered that the customer directs the session. Belief in the system is non necessary, although it is unremarkably considered helpful. Clients place their goals for the work in discussion with the practitioner and a mutual goal fix is established. For example, if a client desires liberty from hurting, a mutual goal for the session may exist to piece of work for that person'south highest good in reducing his or her pain.

Practitioners of HT and TT follow the bones guidelines established inside the curriculum of study for their respective modalities. Each curriculum teaches the healer to follow the nursing procedure. This involves a step-by-step protocol, which includes an energy-based interview, free energy field assessment, programme and intervention using i or more of the HT techniques or TT, and evaluation. Over again, the customer remains the central focus. The healer is there to facilitate the client's healing.

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Nursing care of patients with tuberculosis

Robert J Pratt , Johan van Wijgerden , in Tuberculosis, 2009

CONCLUSIONS

Although all patients are different, those with active TB frequently experience a range of mutual wellness bug. The nursing response to patients with these bug is not a haphazard action but rather a systematically planned approach based on the assay of skilful quality patient assessment data. This in plow drives the development of relevant nursing diagnoses, patient outcomes, and nursing interventions. The use of international classifications for nursing practice to depict patient phenomena and associated nursing interventions and outcomes provides a shared terminology to describe the elements of nursing practice. As TB occurs throughout the world, and equally nursing science continues to evolve in unlike parts of the globe, the principle of the nursing diagnoses as an organizing framework for caring for patients with this disease is ideal. It allows nurses wherever they piece of work to compare practice across clinical settings, patient populations, geographical regions, or time. The nursing care plan described in this chapter is not meant to be all-inclusive but merely to demonstrate how it might be used in any patient setting. Further resources to support the utilize of nursing diagnoses are listed in the references.

Preventing the nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in all healthcare environments is an of import role for professional person nurses. Show-based infection prevention and control measures for minimizing this gamble are describe in particular in Chapter 68.

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From molecules to patients: the clinical applications of biological databases and electronic health records

Ayyagari Ramlal , ... Rubina Chongtham , in Translational Bioinformatics in Healthcare and Medicine, 2021

2 Biological databases

The field of biological science is advancing toward a new era in which all the technologies and techniques are either automated or computer-based from a simple BLAST to NGS, which include unmarried-molecule existent-time, PacBio, nanopore, and too microarray (Robbins, 1994; Raza and Ahmad, 2019; Raza, 2016). The volume of information is increasing daily with the advancement in engineering, and so the number of Dna sequences is rising (Rehm, 2001). Depending upon their role and type of information, biological databases can be classified into different types, including sequence (NCBI, DDBJ, EMBL) (Pevsner, 2009; NCBI Resource Coordinators, 2013), structural (Protein Data Banking concern (PDB), nucleic acid database (NDB)) (Pevsner, 2009; Bank, 1971), metabolic pathways databases (KEGG, MetaCyc) (Pevsner, 2009; Kanehisa and Goto, 2000), literature databases (PubMed, Scopus) (NCBI Resource Coordinators, 2013; Burnham, 2006), illness databases (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA), Genecard, Pathcard) (Lenffer et al., 2006), and many more.

2.i Electronic wellness records

The concept of EHRs came into existence in the 1990s. It defines a comprehensive, repeated observation of the same variables ranging from brusque to long period (ordinarily called longitudinal collection) and inter- and intrainstitutional record of patients (Hoerbst and Ammenwerth, 2010). The patient is solely responsible for the addition, access, and managing of the health-related data in the EHRs. The roles of EHRs and the data that it stores are likewise diverse. The aim of using EHRs is to frame objectives and plan strategies for taking intendance of the patient, determining the tests, and analyzing results (Häyrinen et al., 2008). The database also contains data about the unlike requirements of the patient as assessed by different caregivers during their treatments. Another important upcoming electronic tool is telemedicine, used for varied purposes including diagnosis, nursing, and treatment, and it serves many more purposes (Qazi et al., 2019).

ii.ii Importance of biological databases and electronic health records

In bioinformatics, biological databases play a central role. They provide a broad scope of opportunity to all and enable us to access the data stored in it. They provide dissimilar kinds of data from human being genome data with man sequence variation information to genomic sequence related from the model organisms (Baxevanis, 2009). EHRs play a chief role in enhancing the condition of a patient's health. Later on the implementation of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009); Burke, 2010, care providers and hospitals have started incorporating EHRs in their treatments (Sittig and Singh, 2012). They play an important function in the determination-making process for the patient and aid in supporting them in their needs, which in turn helps in the policymaking and management (Häyrinen et al., 2008). Information technology is anticipated that the electronic data of patients will be used more precisely and effectively for clinical enquiry, planning services for health, managing health care, policymaking, and for governmental purposes (Häyrinen et al., 2008). The EHRs are used both in general practise and in hospitals. There are other advantages associated with the EHRs, which include improvement in the clinical records, as they enhance quality and reduce medical errors (Menachemi and Collum, 2011).

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Case Studies

Sandy Fritz MS, NCTMB , ... Glenn M. Hymel EdD, LMT , in Clinical Massage in the Healthcare Setting, 2008

THE Problem-ORIENTED MEDICAL Record

The problem-oriented medical record (POMR) focuses on specific patient problems. Information technology originally was adult past doctors and after adapted by nurses. The POMR is most effective in acute intendance or long-term care and home care settings.

The Soap Format

To employ the Lather format in POMR charting, document the following information for each problem:

Subjective data: Data the patient, family unit members, or healthcare professionals tell you, such every bit the chief complaint and other impressions.

Objective data: Factual, measurable data gathered during cess, such every bit observed signs and symptoms, vital signs, laboratory test values, and interventions used.

Cess (analysis) data: Conclusions based on the nerveless subjective and objective information and formulated as patient problems or nursing diagnoses. This dynamic, ongoing process changes as more or different subjective and objective information becomes known. This area includes analysis of the effectiveness of the interventions used.

Plan: Your strategy for addressing the patient'due south problem. This program should include both immediate or brusque-term actions and long-term measures.

The SOAPIE Method

A modification of the SOAP format, the SOAPIE method adds two elements: intervention and evaluation. This content was moved out of the objective surface area into its own sections.

Intervention: Measures taken to achieve an expected outcome. As the patient'southward wellness status changes, it may be necessary to modify the intervention plan. Exist sure to document the patient's understanding and acceptance of the initial program in this section of the notes.

Evaluation: An analysis of the effectiveness of your interventions. This content was moved out of the cess section.

The SOAPIER Method

The SOAPIER format adds a revision section to permit documentation of alternative interventions. If the patient's outcomes fall short of expectations, use the evaluation process from SOAPIE equally a basis for developing revised interventions, then certificate these changes.

Revision: Document any changes from the original plan of intendance in this department. Interventions, outcomes, or target dates may demand to be adjusted to attain a previous goal.

The problem-oriented medical record manner with SOAP annotation charting was chosen as the documentation procedure for this text for a variety of reasons:

▪

It is the style virtually massage textbooks nowadays, therefore the reader is familiar with this method.

▪

This approach is used in many different medical settings, equally well as in multidisciplinary settings.

▪

The method is piece of cake to adapt to other record-keeping methods.

▪

Information technology supports the clinical reasoning model.

▪

It organizes the information in a method that is easy to follow through multiple sessions.

▪

which supports the goals of this segment of the textbook.

▪

Information technology provides the construction to organize data for easy conversion to electronic record keeping.

evolve eighteen-i

Iv boosted instance studies are located on the Evolve site.

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Nursing

Phoebe D. Williams , Arthur R. Williams , in Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005

Other Nursing Enquiry

The brief description beneath is based on two comprehensive summaries of two decades of research reviews (1983–2003) published in the Annual Review of Nursing Enquiry (ARNR). Both summaries utilize similar categories of content foci or themes; thus, facilitating comparisons of content themes in nursing inquiry over ii decades. The content categories used are: life span development, clinical or nursing exercise research, inquiry on nursing care delivery, research on professional problems, educational inquiry in nursing, and international nursing research. Life span evolution has subcategories such every bit maternal-child wellness, infants, and young children; school-age children and adolescents; adulthood; older adult issues and problems; and family research. During these ii decades, research in life span development was common, with a full of 25 reviews for the first decade and 49 reviews for the second decade.

Nursing Practice Research as well has subcategories such equally nursing diagnoses and interventions; symptoms and issues; risk behaviors and forms of corruption; physiologic mechanisms and biologic rhythms; care issues of specific diseases; research in nursing specialty areas; crises, grief, loss, and bereavement; and research on special populations such as rural health; health among minorities, migrants, the homeless. The largest number of review capacity published in ARNR is in the Nursing Exercise Research category, with a full of 42 reviews for the commencement decade and 61 for the 2nd decade.

Commonly studied were combinations of a nursing practice inquiry trouble within a specific age cohort or subcategory of the lifespan. Examples of reviews reflecting these combined categories include: Fatigue During the Childbearing Period, Prenatal and Parenting Programs for Adolescent Mothers; Child Sexual Abuse: Initial Furnishings; Motivation for Concrete Activity Amid Children and Adolescents; Children with Epilepsy: Quality of Life and Psychosocial Needs; Family Interventions to Forbid Substance Abuse: Children and Adolescents; Women every bit Mothers and Grandmothers; Health Promotion for Family Caregivers of Chronically Sick Elders; Cease-of-Life Treat Older Adults in ICUs; Interventions for Children with Diabetes and their Families; Quality of Life and Caregiving in Technological Home Care; and Sleep Promotion in Adults (ARNR, 1994–2002). Also, nursing research in other countries (Scotland, Canada, Philippines, Korea, Israel, Brazil, Taiwan, Italy) has been reviewed (ARNR, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999). Social science methods mentioned above were used in many of the studies reviewed.

Nurse researchers take used several publication guides (e.g., the American Psychological Clan). Nursing, medical, social science, and other journals (run across Further Reading) are used for research broadcasting, as is the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (www.cinahl.com). Another key bibliographic resource for nursing inquiry is MEDLINE, at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (www.nlm.gov).

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